Cell Phones, Do They Really Cause Brain Tumors Research Paper

Cell Phones, Do They Really Cause Brain Tumors - Research Paper Example This research is intended to ascertain the fact that cell phones are not associated with brain tumor. The use of cell phones began in 1980s and its wide spread use began in 1990s (National Cancer Institute, 2010). Since then, the technology has been constantly evolving and there has a soar in the use of cell phones all over the world. In 2009, in United States alone, there were more than 285 million cell phone users (National Cancer Institute, 2010). Thus, any health implications of cell phone usage target a large number of people. Cell phones use non-ionizing radiation, a type of electromagnetic radiation for their functioning. This radiation is actually different from the radiation used in X-rays which is ionizing and associated with risk of development of cancer. The radiation of cell phones falls into the same band of radiofrequency waves which are used in microwave to cook food. However, the radiowaves from cellphones do not cause damage to the genetic material DNA and thus does not cause cancer. The main source of radiofrequency energy for a cell phone comes from the antenna, which, in the newer cell phones is in the hand set and while taking, the portion of antenna lies along the side of the head (Wenner, 2008). Thus, closer the antenna towards the head, greater is the exposure to radiofrequency energy. The absorption of radiofrquency energy is directly proportion to the distance between the users head and the antenna and the intensity of the signal which is again, dependent on the level of the signal (National Cancer Institute, 2010). Thus, the levels of exposure to radiofrequency energy depends on various factors like the number and duration of the phone calls, the amount of traffic of cell phone at the time of talking over phone, the distance of the antenna of the cell phone from the nearest based station, the quality of radiofrequency transmission, the size of the hand set, extension of the

Effectiveness of Physical Education Training Programs in Primary Essay

Effectiveness of Physical Education Training Programs in Primary Schools - Essay Example But it will be realized that in other disciplines the concept has come under sharp criticism in respect of its positive claims which are largely unfounded. For example, Colley not long ago concluded that existing research evidence scarcely justifies mentoring use on such a massive scale, and the movement has not yet developed a clear theoretical base which underpins policy or practice (Colley, 2003). Further, Colley considers most models of training to have been based on what can be described as crude and simplistic concept of empowerment. Thus the mentor is viewed as the most powerful member, thanks to his or her greater age or experience, and the trainee as relatively devoid of power, in anticipation of delegation and trust from the trainer (Colley, 2003). For Colley this conceptualization is problematic because it views power as a commodity possessed and passed on by individuals. Additionally the use of quantitative methods to research physical education training activity has led to highly simplified analysis and eventually category creation (Colley 2003).Thus it impossible to understand how training relationships actually develop. More so, it provides a limited view of what tends to happen as opposed to the endowed possibilities of what can happen (Colley 2003). Despite its notorious potential and the willingness of many to indulge into its accompanying rhetoric then, clarity in relation to the concept of teaching physical education at primary schools and what it actually it takes in practice continues to be limited (Ward & Doutis, 1999). When history is considered it is realized that successful physical education programs have one thing in common and that is that they all use history as a learning process. Example those who prepared and developed the modern physical education programs in the US have benefited from teaching philosophies of Europe (Fromyhr, 1995). Universally, the first modern efforts in order to train contemporary physical education teacher s started in the 18Th Century in Europe and in the USA (Armour & Yelling, 2007). In the Ottoman Empire, the subjects of physical education entered the Curriculum in 1846 under the name of Gymnastics (Tiwari, 2007). Therefore Selim Sirri Tarcan attended the Heyet-I Ilmiye which was assembled in 1923 and succeeded in integrating one year long the was termed as physical education teachers school into the government program (Tiwari, 2007). These efforts for training sports instructors or tutors continued by the assistance of three instructors, one woman, two men; Inge Nerman, Ranger Jonson and Sven Alezanderson who were called from Sweden and with the 3,5-9 months lasting courses of physical education teachers during the years (Horne, 1921). From 1932 to1933, a three year long physical education department was commenced at the Gazi Education Institution in Turkey to train teachers for secondary and high school levels. It was the only institution until 1966 to1967 (Zeigler, 1973). A majo rity of studies have shown the positive influence that physical activity has on students’ academic performance and these are measured by improved grades and standardized test scores (Maher, 2006) . In a research brief published by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (2007), 11 of 14

Accounting for Strategy and Management Control Assignment

Accounting for Strategy and Management Control - Assignment Example various analysts and researchers with an aim to prove the difference and analyse the affect of such differences of functional management on the organisation at large. Based on the similar context a research paper was conducted by two authors, Teerooven Soobaroyen and Bhagtaraj Poorundersing with the article titled as â€Å"The effectiveness of management accounting systems: Evidence from functional managers in a developing country†. The research paper was concentric on the key issue of examining the accessibility of different management accounting systems and the value which these systems pertain for functional managers. To relate the issue with the impact of economical factors, the authors had a chosen environment of a developing economy, i.e. Mauritius located in Africa. The design methodology used by the authors to conduct this paper was concentrated on the survey method of interviewing the production and marketing managers of manufacturing companies. Further the data was analysed through the implementation of regression-path. On the contrary, any kind of research paper conducted posses certain limitations and certain advantages as well. For instance, the paper by Teerooven Soobaroyen and Bhagtaraj Poorundersing, concentrates on examining the managers’ point of view related to the implications of different management accounting systems. This certain attribute simultaneously have certain advantages and a few disadvantages. On one hand, it has an advantage to identify the problems of the realistic practices faced by the managers, while on the other hand it ignores the perception of workers in terms of task uncertainty. These kinds of limitations generally occur due to the personal perceptions of the author(s), the research methodology of the paper, and the time allocated for the research. This study therefore, is emphasised on the critical analysis of the advantages of the research paper and its limitations to successfully attain the determined objective.

Pro Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Pro Life - Essay Example It is rather known most commonly as the opposition to most abortion case; the support to new life. The major stated goal of the pro-life movement is to "restore legal protection to innocent human life" (Matthew, 2006). This includes the protection of the fetuses and embryos, those who are physically incapacitated that cannot tell their thoughts anymore, and people who are too weak. There are three kinds of people in the world: those who only watch things to happen, those who knows how to make things happen and those doesn't even know whatever it is that hit them. Today, the majority of the people of the world are those who sometimes cannot even be bothered with what's happening, and the one's who make up the first and the last category. In today's reality, it is very hard to establish a common goal and further, fight for it; as people also considers the greatest destroyer of peace today is abortion, because it is believed that it is the direct killing of an innocent child, and by the term, it is also a kind of "murder" by same person who gave life to it. It is no longer just the issue of a woman's right to choose the number of children that she will bear.

Rhetorical Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Rhetorical Analysis - Essay Example The welcome celebration was like a play while the serious part or the educational phase was supposed to be like work. However one was to work harder if he or she wanted to play hard which was a feature of the university. Indirectly, with the use of the term, ‘play’ and ‘work’ he made the message clear to the students that one had to study profusely side by side the celebrations at the university. This is a metaphorical comparison used here. He mixes this with an air of practicality without giving high philosophical sermon. The speech is a combination of run on and short sentence, which make it more interesting and ear catching. The author also explains the essence of freedom and responsibility, which will be the two main things they will learn in the University. In order to face this challenge of handling responsibility one has to master the art of self-control and self-discipline. Everyone should take the responsibility for not oneself only but also for his or her fellow mates or roommates. He even indicated a message of secularity when he said that they were from different ethnic backgrounds or religions but under the single umbrella of the university. He directly asks them to develop a community spirit among themselves within the campus but he never fails to mention strategically that an independent spirit is always admired more than a sheep. He made an indication to the drug addicts and alcoholics who follow the bandwagon impact of relishing in the momentary pleasure derived from these substances. He de-motivates them from taking to these habits by saying that losing control is never smart. He also makes them aware of the severe consequences one may face if they lose control and fall for these habits. He makes them realize with the help of metaphorical comparison that their lives were too precious to take lightly. He generated in them an urge of

The Race Implicit Association Test Essay Example for Free

The Race Implicit Association Test Essay I tried the Race Implicit Association Test (IAT) at www. implicit. harvard. edu . At the beginning I was asked about my attitude towards African Americans and European Americans, I confidently answered that I was neutral. I started the test with a strong conviction that I do not discriminate between African and European Americans. The warm up phase flashed several pictures of African and European Americans, and then I was prompted to press e when I see a black face and ii when I see a white face. That phase was easy but then the part which required to categorize pictures and words together such as a black face and a good word (love, peace.. ) and a white face and a bad word (nasty, evil.. ) and vice versa was difficult. The result showed that I have a moderate automatic preference for European American compared to African American. The site revealed that one gets an automatic preference for European American rating if one responded faster when European American faces and Good words were classified with the same key than when African American faces and Good words were classified with the same key . The site revealed that almost seventy percent of people who take test have a slight – strong automatic preference for European Americans compared to African Americans. Meaning, this seventy percent had difficulty associating the good words with the face of African Americans, and obvious manifestation of racial preference. I wonder what this meant for me. At the beginning of the test I was so sure that I have no bias whatsoever, however the result was rather confusing. I gather that that while I have stated values which I use to direct or control my behavior deliberately; my unconscious attitude manifests itself in instances where there is no chance for me to deliberate. The result showed how incompatible my pronounced convictions are to my unconscious behavior. Upon reflection, I realized that my biases are the product of societal stimuli which are institutionalized in our everyday life. For example, print advertisements depict heavenly with a white person clothed in blinding light and depicts evil as dark. These stimuli condition our minds and make us associate certain words to a certain race. We seem to have stored in our brain what certain things should look like. Thus, we find it difficult to associate black with good. We have stereotypes embedded in our subconscious which manifests when we are faced with situations when we need to make split second decisions, when we need to act without deliberation. Say for example when we meet strangers for the first time, we probably would give higher trust to a white person than to a black person because of the bad and wrongs associated with the race. The unconscious part of our brain silently processes all the data available from all the experiences we’ve had, the people we’ve met, the books we’ve read, movies we’ve watched and then it forms an opinion. On a conscious level we would never discriminate, in fact the state has adopted policies which ban discrimination. The Equal protection clause of our constitution guarantees non-discrimination under any circumstance. However, our unconscious is not covered by this prohibition, or it does not recognize this prohibition because it manifests without us being able to deliberate and rationalize our judgment. It is possible for us to discriminate at any given time, without us knowing it. This is manifest in our behavior around people; a person who has a strong inclination towards white person would naturally lean forward a little more towards a white person or turn-away farther from a black person. This situation may happen anytime and anywhere we meet the stimuli which cause us to discriminate.

The Red Badge Of Courage Analysis English Literature Essay

The Red Badge Of Courage Analysis English Literature Essay The Red Badge of Courage is a classic Civil War novel that was written by Stephen Crane in 1895. Being a soldier in the Civil War was dangerous, with a death toll of over 600,000. Becoming one of those numbers was an obvious fear for most soldiers. The question is, are you willing to fight for your side or are you a coward? This question plays an important role throughout the story, as it is the key factor in Henry Flemings mind. This question helps Fleming and his fellow soldiers in their transition from boys to men. Crane creates three major characters that develop into mature soldiers after going through a dramatic psychological change while they learn through the events and hardships they face in their first days of war. Henry Fleming is the protagonist of the story and the story is told through his eyes and his thoughts. He is young and immature, so he enlists for all the wrong reasons. The only reason he joins the army is for the glory. He is not enlisting because of what he believes in. The duty of being a soldier is not important to him. He enjoys the attention he receives shortly before leaving home and he hopes to earn more glory in battle. Henry only thinks of the glory in the short run. He looks forward to coming home to tell all his stories of heroism before he even fights. Once he is actually in the situation of having to fight, Henry questions his courage. He wonders if he is a hero or if he is just a coward. In the beginning of the war, Henry fears fighting at the expense of his own life. In Henrys first skirmish, he quickly reveals himself to be a coward. He began to exaggerate the endurance, the skill, and the valor of those who were coming. Himself reeling from exhaustion, he was aston ished beyond measure at such persistency. They must be machines of steel. It was very gloomy struggling against such affairs, wound up perhaps to fight until sundown (Crane 41). Henry cannot believe that the soldiers are coming for a second charge. He could barely accomplish holding them back once. Once Henry flees the battle scene, he is angry at his fellow soldiers. He resents the men for not being as intelligent as him. He claims that they are stupid to stay and fight against an inevitable death, just because they did hold the enemy. Henry is so immature that he tries to make himself feel superior with these feelings of jealousy. Henry wanted the glory of winning a battle but his lack of courage prevented him from earning it. He assures himself that he is right and that running is better for the army because he preserved his life. As he begins to wander and find his regiment that he had abandoned, Henry notices all the wounded soldiers and becomes jealous of their injuries, as he wishes he had a wound the show off to his comrades. Without a wound, Henry had no proof that he had fought alongside his regiment. Henry is an immature kid that only desires a wound to avoid being titled a coward. His fear becomes extreme when he leaves the tattered man to die, even though he knows that by abandoning him, the man has no chance of survival. If Henry was not so concerned with the mans constant questioning, he could have saved his life. Henry believes that being labeled as a coward is worse than the man dying. Henry is vain and does not care about anyone but himself. His fear of being exposed takes over him and he loses all of his morals. He drops to the point to where he even hopes his side loses the battle just so he can have the satisfaction of knowing he predicted the right outcome by fleeing. Once confronted about his head wound he received from his own sides soldier, he lies and claims it is a bullet wound. His regiment believing that he was grazed by a bullet g ives Henry a false sense of accomplishment. Henrys main fear at this point shifts from death to being discovered to be nothing but a fraud. After Wilson retrieves his letter back from Henry, he feels superior to Wilson. His friend at his side seemed suffering great shame. As he contemplated him, the youth felt his heart grow more strong and stout. He had never been compelled to blush in such manner for his acts; he was an individual of extraordinary virtues (Crane 91). Henrys sense of pride over Wilson is ironic; Henry has done nothing but flee, while Wilson fought bravely and stood his ground. He had performed his mistakes in the dark, so he was still a man (Crane 90). Henry convinces himself that he is a man and has nothing to be ashamed of because only he knows the truth of his cowardice acts. Henry is so full of false accomplishment that he blinds himself from the truth. Henry becomes so afraid of being discovered that he loses his sense of thought in his next battle and blindly fires at the enemy, even after the battle ended. He begins to worry so much about his reputation to the point where all he thinks about is looking like a soldier, and then he finally appears to be one. Although Henry is fighting for the wrong reasons in the battle, it is his turning point in his development as a man. He made the transition to a hero but did not even realize it. He finally realizes that becoming a hero is nothing like the stories that he hears from other soldiers, but the title comes from following orders and standing your ground. It is not as amazing and interesting as he had planned on it, so he becomes less fascinated with creating war stories to go home and share with his town. The glory does not control his actions anymore. He transforms from a selfish soldier who cares about no one but himself to a soldier in the 304th regiment. He becomes one with his regiment and his pride shifts from himself to the reputation of his entire regiment. When he overhears the li eutenant calling his regiment mule drivers, he becomes offended and makes his new goal proving his officer wrong. Although he could have told his regiment about the insult, Henry finally keeps it to himself. This is the first time that Henry did not take an opportunity to insult his officers. He knows that this was the mature and obedient move that a real soldier would make. He did not want to hurt the pride of his comrades, which before he would have taken the opportunity in an instant just to make himself feel superior. When the regiments color sergeant was slain, he unhesitatingly seized the colors and thereafter kept them steadily to the front, showing again his fearlessness (Lentz 259). Henry leads his army ahead and is not afraid of being killed or even thinking about his reputation. He grabs the flag without thinking because he does whatever he can to insure victory for his regiment. Henry started the war as immature, vain, and arrogant. Although the events only took place ov er two days, Henry matured quickly into a soldier who was proud of not only himself, but all his comrades. He evolved into a leader for his regiment and was willing to die for his army, just to make the battle more difficult for the enemy. Jim Conklin is the perfect example of an obedient, respectful soldier. Jim is Henrys childhood friend. Jim follows orders with no difficulty and maintains his dedication to the union. His duty as a soldier is fulfilling enough for Jim, as he does not care about any type of fame or glory. He spreads rumors that the regiment will move the next day because he tries to get them excited about their first march in months. Jim acts as close to an officer as you can get. He stops arguments, gives advice to his comrades, and attempts to raise morale throughout the camp and the regiments marches. Jim has no fear of death and does not worry about being called a coward. He claims if his comrades fight, he will fight. If they run, he will run. He will follow his regiment and support whatever decision they make. Although Jim is passionate about what he does, he is quiet when he needs to be. He does not criticize his superiors or complain in battle, but he complies with everything that is demanded of him. Whenever Jim is later found by Henry, he seems to be quieter than usual, keeping to himself. Jim knows he is dying and does not crave the attention of others to give him a dramatic death. He does not seek the Greek tradition of being laid upon his shield like Henry desires. He actually prefers the thought of dying alone with nothing there to bother him as he tries to go peacefully. He does not curse the gods or the war he is fighting in, he dies as a fine soldier does. Wilson is a loud, arrogant soldier that is similar to Henry Fleming. Because we only have access to Henrys thoughts, we do not know if Wilson fears the title of a coward. When questioned by Henry if he would flee, Wilson becomes angry and walks off in a rage. It is safe to assume that Wilson fears the title but uses his anger as a protective barrier from the subject. Wilson is confident in himself that he will succeed in war, but deep down he knows that it is possible that he could run. The question does not control Wilson like it does Henry, but he puts on the front of the tough guy to convince himself that he will be a force on the battlefield. Wilson shows his vulnerability early by giving the letter to Henry, showing he is terrified of fighting and he loses all confidence in himself. Wilson does not believe he will survive and that brings out his true character. Although it appears that he does not flee, he undergoes a drastic change in personality. When reunited with Henry, he n urses his friend back to his feet. Ironically, pride and arrogance is now completely lacking in Wilson, who had only shortly before been supremely cocky (Johnson 8). He transforms into a quiet, obedient soldier. Although he loses his overwhelming personality, he keeps the same confidence. He no longer speaks as if he is a god, but he is confident in himself and he does not need anyone else to know it. It is almost as if he takes over Jims personality after Jim had died. He shows this by keeping quiet and even breaking up a fight that starts inside the camp he is watching. He no longer lets his pride control him. When he asks Henry for the letter to his family back he faces a great amount of embarrassment, even making him blush, but he does not care about his reputation or if he is called a coward. He later forms into his regiment and leaves the individualism he used to seek behind. These three soldiers all have three different personalities to start the story, but by the end of the novel they all have their personalities altered into the ideal soldier. Henry and Wilson both begin the story as soldiers terrified to die, but they eventually evolve into soldiers willing to die for their side, almost a mirror of Jim. It just shows that a young inexperienced soldier needs a mature mentor resembling Jim to teach them the right attitude in war.