Critical Questions on Animal Farm

Critical Questions: Written Assignment 1 7. In Animal Farm the author George Orwell uses animals to represent the Russian revolution. One of the differences in the novel and the two films were old major’s death. In the novel he dies of natural causes however in the movies he calls a meeting to tell all the other animals about his point of view on the rights of animals and man. He teaches them the song (their anthem) â€Å"beats of England† and mr. Jones hears them all singing in the night and to settle them down he shoots his gun and accidentally shoots old major. Also, the way Napoleon punishes the chicken.In the novel he acts like the chicken betrayed the Animal farm and makes the dogs attack them. In the movies he thinks the same ways but instead of getting the dogs to attack, Napoleon hangs the chickens for all of Animal farm to see. Another difference is how the windmill gets ruined. In the novel, the first time it gets destroyed was when there was a huge storm tha t knocked it all over. The second time was during the second battle from the humans. The people place dynamite inside and blow it up. In the movies it only gets ruined once. That time was where mr.Jones and his wife decide to place dynamite and blow it up. These changes alter the overall message of Animal farm slightly. We can still see the same point trying to be proven in both Animal farm films and novel. 3. One of the minor characters from the novel would have to be Moses. Moses is a tame black raven in the novel. He is the one to spread around the stories of sugar candy Mountain. Sugar Candy Mountain in the book is the heaven to which Moses believes the animals from the farm go to once they die. Even though he is not a big role in Animal farm, he was very big importance.Animal Farm the author George Orwell uses Moses to show the others that death wouldn’t be such a bad thing. That if they die, it’s ok because they’re going to Sugar Candy Mountain. 6. In my o pinion if Snowball got rid of Napoleon instead of the other way around, the working and living situations would be completely different. Improved by a lot. Napoleon is the leader pig of Animal Farm after the Rebellion. Napoleon uses his nine attack dogs (stolen dogs) to frighten the other animals and make them do as he says. Napoleon his a little more in to be the leader and in it for himself than his counterpart, Snowball.He challenges Napoleon for control of Animal Farm after the Rebellion. Snowball seems to win the trust of the other animals and when Napoleon sees that he then takes part to get rid of his competition. I feel like if it were Snowball instead of Napoleon, the farm would have been closer to equality. In class we talked about an equal world and how it was impossible to completely obtain equality. Now if Snowball were to be the leader, it probably would have less usage of alcohol, tobacco†¦ Would have stayed tuck to all the 7 commandments. 4.Animal farm can be se en as a fable even though it does not have a moral stated at the end. Just because there was no moral stated it doesn’t mean there was no message Animal Farm author George Orwell was trying to get through. I believe that my own moral of this story would be that you cannot take and take and take and not expect to give. In the novel Animal farm and like most farms, the human would take all that that the animals could provide so that they could have benefits for themselves. This book made sense that the animals got fed up with it all.Then when the pigs got power, it wasn’t a surprise that they became to think the same as the humans. If it wasn’t for the death of all the animals, I feel like the animals would have treated the pigs as human and the same process would have happened. All because of greed. 2. I think that the Animal farm author George Orwell made readers sympathize with all the animals except for the pigs because even though they were the most intellige nt beasts in this case and the closest to the animals, old Major was a pig.That being, the pigs automatically became the first to have power. Once they saw the life of the human and got the ability to obtain so, they fell into the same old bad habits of taking, taking and taking without giving. They then turned into humans. If any other kind of animal would have been in their place the same thing most likely would have happened. For those reasons, the author did not chose to make the readers sympathize the author animals, it’s just the way it played out once the pigs got power and became humans.

Life on the Color Line Essay

A- Gregory Howard Williams wrote the book. Before you read the book you have no idea who he is. Once you read the book you find out that he is mulatto and was raised in a community that was extremely prejudice against blacks. The authors’ point of view is his own story. P-The book takes place in Virginia at the beginning of the book from 1943-1952, and then in Muncie, Indiana from 1952-1969. The source was produced in 1995. The meaning of the source doesn’t really change at all, but now that it is after the problems of racial segregation and discrimination, we are able to read it and look back on the problems of our society and make sure it doesn’t happen again. P- Other than what I learned from the book, I actually knew a lot. I knew that in the 1940’s-50’s there was a major problem with racial discrimination. I knew that the way whites treated blacks was terrible and unjust. I also knew that blacks looked toward whites as horrible people and that it was taboo to interracially date/marry. This helped me better understand why the whites were treating Greg the way that they were and why the blacks had a hard time accepting him into their community. A- The audience is for teenagers and adults. It’s pretty graphic so it is intended to be taken seriously and with an open mind. It is it is more so towards teenagers and people with hard lives to show that they aren’t the only ones going through something difficult, because he went through some really complicated times and is now leading a successful, happy life. R-This book was produced in order to show what life was like for the mulatto race and how difficult it was for them. It is an inspirational book to tell people that they can go through anything if they keep their eyes on a goal and work towards it, no matter how hard it gets. T-The theme of the book was trials and success. It tells of his early child hood having to be both white and black in a community that was extremely prejudiced. It shows how he finds his way by keeping with the black influence and embracing it as his own lifestyle. It shows the difficulties he had with bullies and ignorant people and how he used academics as a way to stay out of trouble. It shows how he has to live with an alcoholic father and how he takes care of him even though he would probably be better off not worrying about him. It shows how he went through an extremely difficult childhood and was able to graduate college with a doctorate in law. S-This book is significant because it gives us a deeper look into how messed up our society was during the late 1900’s. It gives us a better understanding into the life that we aren’t familiar with because we usually just look at the black or white side of the story. Life on the Color Line makes us realize that it was just as hard for mulattos in that time as it was for blacks.

Absolutism Pros And Cons Essay

The history of Absolutism began during the seventeen century during the transition from Feudalism to Capitalism in England and was known as â€Å"The Divine Right of Kings† England was experiencing a complete overthrow of their monarchy and its replacement was first by a Republic and then by a new and weakened monarchy. For England, at the end of the seventeen century they would see the erosion of the monarch’s powers in the â€Å"Glorious Revolution†. Absolutism was a form of government where the ruling monarchs were responsible for God and sovereignty was embodied in the King only. Despite the attempts by the Kings in England their idea of Absolutism didn’t hit its full power like it did when King Louis XIV of France took the throne. I believe I share the same opinion of the majority of people throughout this country and even worldwide that there are more cons and weaknesses of Absolutism than there are pros and strengths. I will start out with the cons and weaknesses. In all reality the notion that one man, a single â€Å"leader† could have all this power invested into him with a single view on the entire country’s personal choices, religious beliefs, lifestyle choices, culture and moral values is beyond insane and a form of slavery if you ask me. His views are not shared with the entire country and for a single person to be in control of them all is disturbing beyond belief. These monarchs were recognized as France’s supreme legislators, executors, judicators and ruler of the entire country. In other words, the judge, lawyers and jury! I would say that is a major â€Å"con† right there! Absolutism doesn’t take into account and even refuted any historical developments during the scientific revolution during the Enlightenment era. It also debunks science theories, new ideas on creation, morals theories, personal family values, individual lifestyles and evolutionary na ture of humanity in general. It also lacks cultural differences and many of the monarchs seemed intolerant to any cultural diversity. Another weakness is that Absolutism basically ignores the circumstances in which ethical judgments are made and in today’s world in the 20th and 21st centuries those are the very freedoms and liberties we have as Americans. It’s a nightmare looking back in history and learning about these wealthy, selfish and greedy unruly men being the kings and rulers of an entire country. Really one â€Å"mind† and â€Å"theory† for all? Thank goodness for the Enlightenment era when the intelligent, educated and morally sound men rose to the occasion to change the world in which they lived in from the dark ages into the â€Å"light† known as the Enlightenment period! The last â€Å"con† of Absolutism that is probably the most dangerous to their society was the fact that there was no Democratic legitimacy because the leader was not elected by the people he inherited the position by either a family passing away or given to them by a retiring king. So any liability and accountability is lacking when it comes to a bad ruling by an inefficient tyrant of a ruler. Some examples include religion beliefs and castration to the non-believers and followers, a rush to judgment for a crime the accused might not have committed with their â€Å"eye for an eye† outlook of cruel punishments because remember there was no trials, jurors and their â€Å"government† lacked that liberty to defend yourself and speak your mind in that era. It was a great moment in history when Absolutism hit its shelf life with the age of the Enlightenment on the rise with a more modernized way of thinking. The pros and strengths were hard to gather but taking my biased hat off for a moment I can open my mind to other people’s opinions and different views on Absolutism†¦.I guess. Absolutism can provide a fixed ethical code which gives clear moral judgments in situations where there is a need for ethical guidance. Their ideas are that morality isn’t based on individual or group preferences but rather on absolute and universal values. Some people feel it’s better to follow then to lead and it allows different societies to share common values. It could bring stability and a more civil society when everyone follows the same ruler, whether they agree with it or not, the ruler sets clear and simple rules which would any avoid conflicts, disagreements and any personal biases because options and consequences are not taken into account. This would be somewhat beneficial when it comes to decisions on war because decisions are reached and implemented quickly, as there is a no debate and bureaucracy involved. There is a sense of equality within the government because the same rules apply to everyone in every situation. In conclusion, it is common sense that having an Absolute monarchy government over a Democracy is absolutely insane. We have come a long way from the dark ages into the era of the Enlightenment, the Scientific and American revolutions, along with the end result of a strong U.S. Constitution and Bills of Rights that is now the foundation to our country’s civil liberties and freedoms we pride ourselves on and are very thankful to have.

Love , Made up story Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Love , Made up story - Essay Example References would mean higher chances of being hired. Her friend Leila recommended her to her boss as a waitress. She was a dancer there. She had second thoughts about the job offer, because she did not have any waitressing experience. When she stopped college three months ago, the last job she handled was being a gasoline station cashier. She lost that job because her manager caught her sending text messages to her mother, who kept on reminding her to pay the electricity bill. But she needed a job. Nineteen years old did not seem too young to be a waitress. At least, it was not Hooters. Her mother was very conservative. She prayed the rosary two times a day, seven days a week. And she was already constantly sick, coughing as if she had ten dogs possessing her and barking inside her lungs. She thought about her family and how they needed her. She was thinking fast. What could she say to the manager? She promised that she was available for an interview this morning. She would have to tell the truth. Yes, honesty would count positively on her behalf. She went to the restaurant she was applying for. The manager was outside the restaurant smoking and he was talking to someone on his cell phone. He said goodbye to whomever he was talking to and said: â€Å"Estella! You missed your interview!† He shook his head with dismay. He looked 50 something years old. His olive skin contrasted with his pale lips. She said: â€Å"I am so sorry boss. My father called all of a sudden. He said we would meet at 711 at 11 PM and I waited until 3 am. I woke up late. Please give me a chance, I need this job!† The manager looked at her sternly. â€Å"Okay, you’re hired. But you will never be late again, okay?† â€Å"Yes,† she promised. He said: â€Å"You can start tomorrow.† The next day, while preparing for work, her father called her again. When she answered the phone, her father said: â€Å"I am sorry. I left

Evaluation of Web Accessibility for the Visual Disabled Essay

Evaluation of Web Accessibility for the Visual Disabled - Essay Example This essay discusses that the human-computer interaction based evaluation technique is the most useful way for the assessment of usability for the system inspection regarding system design and working. However, the heuristic evaluation and human-computer interaction are performed as a systematic inspection of a newly developed system that is intended to offer the user a better support and easy to use interface during working. Furthermore, human-computer Interaction evaluation encompasses a small set of usability analysis parameters that are used to weigh up the system working capabilities and user interface related aspects (Dix et al., 1998; Marchionini & Sibert, 1991). This research and analysis based report is about the human-computer interaction based analysis for the accessibility issues for the web system in case of visual disabilities. The main intention of human-computer interaction based evaluation in this research is to find out the system related accessibility issues in the system design for people having visual disabilities. Maeda (2004) stated that in last few years, huge sets of World Wide Web accessibility and usability guiding principle have been produced. Frequently these rules meet. For instance, when we view a picture in HTML, we are able to as well identify substitute text for that picture. This makes the website further supportive for all viewers for the reason that a number of them cannot be able to see graphical descriptions in their web browser. In addition, the design of websites develops a profusion of usability confronts. Also, the websites are extremely multifaceted, holding hyperlinked credentials, complex direction-finding scheme, and community information areas. This report has presented a detailed analysis of a software tool by applying the Jakob Nielsen's heuristics evaluation module for the people having visual disabilities. In this report, I have analyzed the ACE-Project for the usability analysis in case of system usage by disabled people. In this analysis, I have found that ACE-Project offers excellent functionalities and working capabilities for normal people however in case of visually disabled people this web-based system does not offer help. In this scenario, I have recommended some of features and facilities for the disabled people. These additional features are helpful redesigning the system to support a large number of disabled people who desire to use this system.

Business Environment and Investment Climate Coursework

Business Environment and Investment Climate - Coursework Example There are other alternatives to a market system that human societies have tried in the past and which turned out worse in the long run in several respects, such as allocating scarce resources or fully satisfying the needs of the people. One alternative that failed is the market in a command-and-control economy which existed in communist countries until the early 1990s, where the government bureaucracy determined the types, prices, and quantities to be sold. The government commanded companies to produce what it thought the market would buy. This worked for a time, but in the long run the goods turned out to be of poor quality, and the people tired of consuming the same items (food, cars, television sets, or clothes). Producers were not motivated to improve the quality of their goods, because they did not enjoy marginal benefits from doing so since the government dictated the price, and therefore the profits that could be earned. Without such incentives, productivity collapsed. When these economies were closed, government allocated scarce resources depending on what they thought the market wanted. ... Without such incentives, productivity collapsed. When these economies were closed, government allocated scarce resources depending on what they thought the market wanted. It turned out that instead of putting resources to best use, these were being wasted as resources were used to produce goods the market did not want to buy. In a market system that is "relatively" free, where buyers and sellers dictate the price and quantity of each good bought or sold, each party has an incentive to get the best value. Buyers want to pay as low as possible, whilst sellers want to get the highest profit for their good. Each tries to beat the market. Millions of goods bought and sold means there are millions of pricing and quantity decisions made by buyers and sellers. This is the so-called market mechanism, an "invisible hand" that guides decision-making freely so that scarce resources are eventually utilised efficiently. In the market system, the prices and quantities of goods bought and sold reach a point of equilibrium where just enough goods are bought and sold at a certain price, and when prices or quantities change, the supply and demand of goods change with it. What is the relation of a market system to the investment climate If the market system operates relatively freely, then investors can make their own decisions as to how many to produce and what price to charge. Investors want to make profits, and they do not want anyone other than the buyers of the goods to dictate at what price they can sell and how many to sell. In general, they prefer that they enter markets where they can compete on the basis of price and quality,

Labour Laws Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Labour Laws - Essay Example This is certainly the case with Key Lime Printing. There is a feeling on the part of the workers that they are at best getting a very bad deal from a company that has already been in business for a relatively long time and should be able to do better. As a lawyer, there are a few issues that I shall seek to reinforce. I shall seek to inform the client, Joe Blow, that there is little legal recourse once the matter gets to this point. After all, the Notice of Certification from the labor relations board has already been received. There are three main issues that seem to underline the employees’ decision to unionize. First of all, there is the issue of pay. Pay disputes are always a minimum expectancy when it comes to labor relations. This is where most of the labor unrest that we witness centers around. The next issue lies with dismissal of employees. Fair or unfair dismissal is a contentious issue that cannot be resolved anytime soon. On the part of the dismissed employee, thei r default position is that the dismissal is always unfair (Cihon & Castagnera, 2010). Finally, there is the whole issue of unionization. I shall seek to show my client his rights and responsibilities as far as unionization of employees is concerned. The first issue deals with income. I shall handle this issue in two parts. The first part shall be with relation to the right amount that each employee should receive. This is an extremely complicated issue. If each one of us were given the option to suggest how much we want to be paid, then we might suggest amounts that are impractical for the profitable conduct of business. We cannot leave this weighty decision to the employers alone either. There is a need for both the employer and the employee to sit down and discuss each of their positions as far as remuneration is concerned. My client does not seem to have done this. Therefore, first step during the anticipated meeting shall be to hear each side’s position in as far as salar ies are concerned (Pay and Wages, 2013). The second angle in as far as salaries are concerned is the nature of employment. There is the need to find the right balance between benefits, commissions and salaries. The idea of only paying a commission to the three workers without either salaries or benefits is a very emotive one. Initially, it was thought that being paid on commission motivated the workers to apply themselves fully so that in a way they can ‘determine their own salaries’. This is not the case anymore. Finding business is not guaranteed, yet at the end of the month these employees have bills to pay and other responsibilities to fulfill. This needs to be looked at considering that the leading light in this revolt is an employee who is subject to this draconian employment terms (Pay and Wages, 2013). Dismissal is another issue that needs to be addressed. Arguably, perhaps it is the place where the bitterest battles with regard to employee rights are witnessed. There should be a firm basis for any dismissal that is effected in the workplace. After all, this is a place where people from different backgrounds coalesce to satisfy their needs for employment. Additionally, in such a place one cannot dismiss the effect of culture and background on general conduct and productivity in the workplace. Therefore, dismissal must be looked at with this backdrop in mind. There seems to have been instances where the foreman, Top, dismissed employees. He has no right to do this. This is un-procedural. There needs to be a properly laid procedure through which dismissals are carried out. Only the owner, Blow, should have the power to mete out such punishment. In most cases, dismissal should be the last resort (Arthurs & Carter,

Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 35

Case Study Example First of all, the condition of the two mothers when their children became sick has to be given the first priority i.e. were they breast-feeding their children? Could they have been infected by the disease? Where they live and what type of food they eat when breast-feeding. In addition, it would be prudent to determine the age of the children, when they became sick for instance: Did they fall sick at the same age? Consequently, various environmental factors would be taken into consideration for example: The environment of the working place; where they come from; and the people they interact with at the work place. The second step would involve undertaking scientific tests on the factors identified to determine if they could cause diseases with similar symptoms. However, specific consideration would be given to the composition of the mother’s milk and if possible compared to the laboratory results of the breast milk of the co-worker: This is only possible if the laboratory results indicating the chemical component of the co-worker’s breast milk is available. Research indicates that there is a high sense of relationship between certain diseases and industries (Handley 2001). This is mostly evident when there is one family member working in an industry or when there is an industry next to a residential place. In this regard, there would be a case for the woman in the court (Handley 2001). However, such allegations would require proper proof/ medical evidence for the woman to win. On the other hand, there are various occupational health and safety laws that are applied in industries to not only protect the lives of the workers and the environment, but also their family members (Hartnett 2008). The woman win the case in the event that the court finds out that such rules are not properly followed by the company as

The Effects of Pain-Relief Methods on Low-Risk Childbearing Women Thesis

The Effects of Pain-Relief Methods on Low-Risk Childbearing Women Delivered by Midwives - Thesis Example It is a well-known framework in the practice of midwifery that normal processes of pregnancy and birth can be facilitated through education, health care, and supportive information. These would involve both the clients and their families and would need physical care, emotional and social support, and involvement of family members taking into account the cultural values and personal preferences regarding health care (Begley, 2002, 310-317). Therefore, not only continuity of competent clinical management and care, but also there are important components of holistic care of the individual and promotion of health education. Since midwifery is all about empowering the women to join in the decision-making process and urging her to speak for herself, the patients' experiences are important in building a theory about a particular health condition. Pregnancy is a natural phenomenon while its management is not. Care of the mothers during the intrapartum period is crucial since this takes care of the mother and the baby at the same time. Immense development in the healthcare front and its related knowledge has changed the scenario in maternity and child health in the developed world (Eberhardie, 1998, 149-152), where evidence-based regulations and guidelines work in the hospital setting as well as in the community to serve the pregnant laboring mothers with the best possible care, even though it is delivered by the midwives. On the contrary, in the undeveloped and underdeveloped world, the picture is different, due to many reasons. The state and government and politics play a large role in policy making, and there is a diminished priority to such issues (Carr, 2003, 393-397). Developing care is a derivative of the education and knowledge of the midwives who offer care, whether it is in the hospital or in the community. If state nursing and midwifery education system is not modernized, there is a high chance that despite a good intent, the care by the midwives would be aff ected, and ultimately, the standard of care and satisfaction with care would be reflected through the perceptions of the patients. Latendresse et al. (2005) speculate that the quality of midwifery care contributes to shorter and easier labor, which may, in turn, reduce the risk of complications (Latendresse et al., 2005, 386-391). This practice could have an advantage not only by reducing maternal mortality and morbidity but also in terms of value for money which is a critical factor for all countries (Bernis et al., 2003, 39-57). Whatever may be the country of the mother, any mother passes through latent, active, and transitional phases of the different stages of labor, and these psychological changes have the great impact on the laboring mother, and these usually intensify as the labor progresses. These comprise a means of evaluation of a woman's progress in labor and how she is coping with the demands being placed upon her by labor and the environment within which she is laboring.

Evolution of Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Evolution of Management - Essay Example The principles of management have changed dramatically within the past century, shifting between a classical perspective, to a humanist perspective, to a scientific perspective that takes into account the various technological and globalizing principles occurring within the modern workforce. Regards, some elements of effective management have remained true throughout all of these changes, including the necessity of innovation and the importance of culture. By analyzing each of these elements in terms of one’s own work experiences, a student of management can develop both a complete picture of how management has evolved through the years and how seemingly outdated principles can serve as a useful guide toward driving success from one’s team. The formal study of management is relatively recent, despite the fact that individuals have been managing others within organizations since ancient times. The earliest studies of management principles began with the classical perspec tive, which emerged during the 19th and early 20th centuries. This was brought on by the factory system that appeared in the 1800s during the Industrial Revolution. During this time, work was increasingly centralized into one location, as opposed to the rural agricultural setting in which most of the world worked before that point. Another distinctive feature about the factory system was the organizational structure that needed to be enforced in order for effective and efficient work processes to start. In the absence of effective management principles, factories could not cope with training employees, scheduling complex manufacturing operations, and handling increases in labor dissatisfaction among workers. Accordingly, a better management system and a more efficient factory became the subject of an increasingly academic interest among intellectuals (Daft & Marcic, 2008, p. 24). In response to this problem, the number of professional managers increased nearly sevenfold between 1880 and 1920. These managers developed and tested solutions to the challenge of organizing, coordinating, and managing large groups of people and their productivity. At this point, modern management through the classical perspective became necessary for large businesses with many employees. Within the classical perspective, there are three different emphases or subfields: (1) scientific management, (2) bureaucratic organization, and (3) administrative principles (Daft & Marcic, 2008, p. 25). Scientific management refers to scientifically determined changes in management practices as the solution to improving labor productivity. This movement was carried through by Frederick Winslow Taylor, who believed that improving productivity meant that management should change accordingly and that the nature of this change should conform to scientific principles. This involved the application of science to estimate the productivity of each worker and the attempt to maximize that productivity by an alyzing situations that workers find themselves in. Another subfield, that of bureaucratic organizations, became popular in Europe following the late-19th century in the belief that a rational authority would lead to higher productivity. This theory was based on the observations of sociologist Max Weber, who thought that the depersonalization of the hierarchical workplace led to a more objective standard for success. A third subfield, that of administrative pr

French and Indian War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

French and Indian War - Essay Example The Construction of fortresses in the Ohio valley was also a cause of the war. In 1750, a group of Virginian businessmen secured themselves about 500,000 acres in Ohio valley for settlement. This same piece of land had earlier been claimed by Joseph Celeron for France; the French did so to prevent the British from further expanding into the French colonies and, therefore, begun to construct fortresses on Ohio valley, which made, the British suspicious (Santella 45). This move made the British suspicious and they begun constructions of fortresses and army preparations to counter the French. These army preparations can be regarded as the main cause of the war. Different religious affiliations were also a key concern. The French who had earlier settled in America were Catholics, and they felt threatened since the many violent Indians were non Catholics. The Britons had religious freedom and also felt threatened by the French catholic. This was an ideological difference rather than political; it contributed to the war. Economical differences between France and the British also led to the war. Since both the French and the British were traders, need arose to increase the market base. As a result, the two countries fought to acquire more space for trading and also a market to sell their commodities (Calloway 41). Dispute of the confluence of the Allgney and Monongahela River caused the war. The two rivers situated in the present day Pennsylvania and, Pittsburgh were a main concern for the two colonialists; each wanted to take full control. Consequently, a war erupted between the Native American soldiers and the French soldiers. The French lea ders from Quebec sent the military to discourage the Indian from trading with the British people in that region. Massacre of some French by the Indians also contributed to the war; the Indians were colonies of the British. Their soldiers got directions from George Washington to kill the French. This massacre forced George to surrender and withdraw from further fighting (Calloway 43). The British had not formally declared war on France. The British military, leader Duke organized a series of campaigns designed to cease the French rule in North America. The Generals led attacks against the French in the regions where the French had built fortresses; this was done

Ethnic Groups in Pakistan Essay Example for Free

Ethnic Groups in Pakistan Essay Recommended Citation Khan, Adeel, Ethnic nationalism and the state in Pakistan, Doctor of Philosophy thesis, Faculty of Arts, University of Wollongong, 2001. http://ro. uow. edu. au/theses/1736 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [emailprotected] edu. au Ethnic Nationalism and the State in Pakistan A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy from University of Woilongong by Adeel Khan Sociology Program, Faculty of Arts February 2001 Declaration I, Adeel Khan, declare that this thesis, submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Doctor of Philosophy, in the Sociology Program of Faculty of Arts, University of Woilongong, is wholly my own work unless otherwise referenced or acknowledged. The document has not been submitted for qualifications at any other academic institution. Adeel Khan 26 February 2001 11 Aknowledgements I would like to thank the Sociology Program and the School of Critical Enquiry at the University of Woilongong for helping me to travel to Pakistan twice to do my fieldwork. In Pakistan there are too many people who have helped me in many different ways. I am grateful to all those academics, journalists, politicians, lawyers and activists who spared their time to speak to me. I would like to especially thank Mazhar Abbas who not only provided me with very useful information and contacts but also arranged meetings with the MQM leaders. I am indebted to Ahmed Shah and Ayub Shiekh for organising one of the most entertaining as well as productive trips to Hyderabad where they arranged meetings with Ibrahim Joyo and Rasul Bux Palejo and other Sindhi nationalists. In Lahore I had the pleasure of Khawar Malik and Imtiaz Alams company in one of the most dramatic months in Pakistans history when the chief justice and the prime minister were caught in a bizarre battle of ego that had created a serious political crisis. In Quetta, Abdul Sami Kakar, a former Pukhtim Student Federation activist, who was introduced to me by Tahir Mohammad Khan, was a wonderful company and great help in organising interviews with Baloch and Pukhtun nationalists. In Islamabad I shall always miss late Eqbal Ahmed with whom I had some of the most stimulating discussions. My supervisor, Stephen Castles, has been an unrelenting source of encouragement and inspiration. He not only encouraged me to think as deeply and as critically as possible but also, at times, forced me to explore different aspects of the argument whenever he felt I could do better. I have particularly benefited from Stephens knowledge of European history. What impressed me the most about Stephen, however, is that he is one of those people who are so comfortable with themselves that they hardly care what others think of them, and therefore they are unassuming and full of humility. I wish I could learn that from him, too. My wife, Rafat, deserves more than a few words of gratitude for she is the one who had to put up with my anxiety, self-doubt, writers block, mood swings, and all the other hazards that come with a person who agrees with Adomo that (o)nly those thoughts are frue which fail to understand themselves. I stand obliged to her for bearing with me. As is customary, and in legal terms, too, I must admit that only I am responsible for the mistakes and weaknesses in my work, but as I have made it obvious that I would not have been able to produce this work without the help of all those mentioned above, and therefore, morally at least, they cannot escape the responsibility. The only consolation I can offer to them is that I apologise for the mistakes and weaknesses and promise to try harder, next time, to fail better. Ill Abstract Nationalism is a way of dealing with a world where everything melts into thin air. It is a form of self-love in which individuals celebrate their collective identity. And like all forms of self-love it gets its strength more from the hatred of others than its love for the self Here lies the secret behind some of the most intractable conflicts in the world. Nationalism is, probably, the only form of self-love that gets its life-blood from an institution, the modem state. Had the state not been behind the self-love of the Germans, they would not have been able to torture and murder so many Jews in such a short period of time. Likewise, had the west not helped the Jews to establish their own state in Palestine, the Jews would never have been able to displace and kill so many Palestinians. Nationalism is not the pathology of the modem world, but is, as a sentiment and as a doctrine, only a pathetic way to deal with a pathetic world. But nationalism as a game of power, as a politics, is lethal and destructive. As a sentiment and as a doctrine nationalism may be the child of an unstable and fast changing world but as a politics it is the child of the nation state. This thesis explores the relationship between the nation-state and the nationalisms of four ethnic groups, namely, Pukhtun, Sindhi, Baloch and Mohajir, who have, at various points in time, contested the legitimacy of the administrative structure of the Pakistani state. It starts with identifying the issue of ethnic conflicts, goes on to review the available literature and then outlines a framework for studying ethnic IV nationalism. As the emphasis here is on the role of the modem state in provoking ethnic discontent and resistance the second chapter discusses the interventionist role of the state and tries to highlight its relationship with nationalism. The second section of the chapter looks at various approaches to nationalism and explains as to which approach is more suitable and why for dealing with ethnic nationalism. The third chapter endeavours to explicate the difference between pre-colonial and colonial state in India as well as the way the colonial state despite being modem was different from the modem state system in the west. The fourth chapter discusses the state system in Pakistan and argues that the postcolonial state is a replica of the colonial state. The next four chapters examine the emergence of four ethnic movements and their varying strategies for dealing with the centralising and homogenising policies of the state. Throughout, the focus remains on the ethnic groups distance from and proximity to the state system as the major factor in determining their relationships. Table of Contents Declaration Acknowledgments Abstract 11 iii iv Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Introduction Nationalism and the State Colonisation of the State in India Nationalisation of the Colonial State in Pakistan Pukhtun Ethnic Nationalism: From Separatism to Integrationism Baloch Ethnic Nationalism: From Guerilla War to Nowhere? Sindhi Ethnic Nationalism: Migration, Marginalisation, and the Threat of Indianisation Mohajir Ethnic Nationalism: El Dorado gone Sour! At a Crossroads as Ever Before! 1 24 45 67 99 133 Chapter 7 158 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 201 238 References Appendix A Interviews 244 259 VI The whole is the false Adomo Inversion of Hegels famous dictum, the whole is the true (1978:50) Vll Please see print copy for image Source: 1998 Census (Statistical Pocket Book of Pakistan, 2000) PAKISTAN.

Tourism Planning Policies And Infrastructure In Egypt

Tourism Planning Policies And Infrastructure In Egypt Many councils, states or counties as a whole has understood the positive impacts of tourism economically, this sector pours a big share in the countrys economy, if analyzed, planned, chosen. Formulated and implemented strategically. There are many unfortunate countries that have not identified tourism as a sector. For this reason there is no establishment or body to look after and run this sector. Tourists have been travelling for centuries, sometimes just to relax, to have leisure time,underwent recreational activities, for attending conferences and seminars; and to meet friends and relatives. Gradually, the concept became wider when the tourists started taking interest in the history and culture of the destination like Egypt- Pyramids. Having realizedby the authorities that tourists take good interest in their heritage and history, this led the country to maintain their cultural places, events and festivals to exhibit to the tourists. Therefore new trend of cultural tourism emerged. Cultural tourism is a genre of specific interest tourism based on the search for and participation in new and deep cultural experience, whether aesthetic, intellectual, emotional or psychological. (Stebbins 1996) It makes the countries to market its rich and diverse cultural events to its local population and tourists alike. Boarding participation in the arts, increasing opportunities for arts, preserving and promoting cultural resources and investing in communitys quality of life are among the reasons. State arts agencies are key players in supporting and leading cultural tourism initiatives. For this reason successful projects need to undergo with collaboration, assessment, research, marketing and visitor services. This development of successful strategies will link the arts and tourism in communities. Tourism can present both advantages and problems. On the positive side, the preservation of heritage history and culture will attract the number of tourists and bring prosperity. At the same time maintenance of these resources will be ideal for the local population as it will create familiarity and affection with ancient history and forefathers. On the other hand, from the negative perspective the issue of controlling tourism will be challenging. Mass tourism will result in to fulfill the curiosity of the tourists and the cultural amenities will be destroyed. The Great Sphinx of Egypt with Candle Holder Poly Resin Destination Egypt: Egypt is a very well-known destination for cultural tourism. Ever since it was visited by Herodotus during the ancient time, he was surprised to see the vast differences between Egypt and his homeland. This image has been maintained throughout the middle and modern history. The discovery of Pharaonic antiquities long time ago has added a special charm to Egypt, beside its unique religious and cultural monuments. Egypt enjoys various fields of tourism, the most important are, archaeological or cultural tourism as one of the oldest types of tourism in Egypt, where the ancient civilizations are visible to the naked eye, an incarnation of the nation that constructed these civilizations since the dawn of history. Despite the multiple types of tourism and Egypts cultural tourism remains the unrepeated unique and non-competitive component of tourism as Egypt possesses one third of the worlds known monuments. The Great Sphinx at Giza in Egypt Therefore, historically speaking tourism has been a key ingredient in Egypts economy for about the last 200 years. However, over the last generation, tourism has become an essential component of the economy and is now the source of 45% of the countrys annual foreign currency earnings. Impacts of tourism: Until recently, growth in tourism was thought achievable without imposing any negative impact on Egypts cultural heritage resources. It used to be considering as non-consumable industry and a great tool to countrys development strategy. Similarly, it was regarded as a vital element to Egypts economy. But the constant research about the sector revealed that tourism consumes resources of the host nation, not just natural and man-made resources, but cultural ones, too. Cultural resources are finite and have to be managed like any other scarce resource. Positive impactsof tourism: The rise of tourism can lead the local population of Egypt to learn good things from diverse culture. This can open the door to many opportunities. For example Egyptians speaking Arabic, will come in the interaction of Asian, European, American tourists, this can influence them with their language and may lead to learn it. So that they can communicate with the tourists such a desire can make the establishments or centers to offer courses based on the languages. This can further import the native expertise and give many choices to the learners. Worldwide profile: It is the heritage of Egypt that has made it worldwide known destination. Many European and American tourists show their urge to visit the destination and see the pyramids from their eyes. The culture and heritage rich destination Egypt is taught in colleges and other vocational courses. This treasure of heritage and culture has made Egypt very important. Restoration and conservation: The heritage of Egypt is consistently restored and conserve. Conservation department is devoted to the preservation of cultural heritage for the future. It includes examination, documentation, treatment and preventive care of the historic treasure. Since it is being protected by the country for tourists, thereforeit is also greatly used by the local population. The nation knows about their ancient history which is alive in them after centuries through the preservation and maintenance of these objects. Social cohesion: It describes the bond or glue that brings the people of Egypt together in society, particularly in the context of cultural diversity. These cultural heritage and history bring them closer, united and signs their mutuality. Such a practice passes on from one generation to another and Egyptians take pride to be the part of world class ancient history. General development of infrastructure: Access to the cultural heritage site is just not possible for tourists with effective and modern infrastructure. People on holidays, curious for learning and view would like to save their energy to tour around to fulfill their purpose of tourism. This modern means of infrastructure will then are used by the locals and make their life easier too. Not only has this but such advancement queued up the country to earn title of a developed country. Negative impacts of tourism: Mass tourism: The interesting history of the Egypt has led the destination to deal with mass tourism. This form of tourism was unable to responsibly control and had ruined the area of natural beauty. It has also polluted the beaches and destroyed the habitats of wild as roads and hotels are built. Therefore such a loss and damage to such resources and infrastructure had reduced numbers of visitors. The air travel, sources of mass tourism is a major cause of global warming. Culture and tradition sensibility: Large number of tourists has undermined traditional beliefs, values, and customs and in particular risk commercializing the very culture Egyptians is proud of. Many incidents of their insensitivity to local population and tradition have caused great offence, for example the indecent dressing, indecent behavior etc. Reliance on tourism: Mass tourism ruins the environment of the destination. The incidents in past where the Egypt heritage and cultural threats emerged alarmed the local authorities to limit the tourism. It was felt that nature conservation, park management, red sea tourism need to be sustained. These authorities are now playing to implement such measures that will not destroy their treasure of history and also welcome the tourist to view and admire their ancient history. Regardless of the economic benefits tourism brings, it is very significant for the Egyptian tourists board to balance the requirements of locals and facilities tourists need. For example the sightseeing in Luxor, where the valley of the Kings is the site where the Pharoahs underground tombs have been constructed, and tomb of Tutankhamun, Rames III and IV etc. are the most visited sites. These sites in particular suffer from pollution, damage and other negative effects greatly. In short, the civilization of Egypt was in extreme danger, until the government decided to be equipped with some meaningful strategy to deal with the issue. At the same time, the influence of the European tourists industry has really motivated the government to choose the direction where the economical merits of the industry will be enjoyed but not at the risk of losing the traditions, values, monuments and other physical amenities. For this reason, effective destination planning must define the level of acceptable tourism development in Egypt and provide control to maintain that level. Pollution: Mass tourism always hooks up with pollution that is destruction to its environment, physical amenities, natural resources etc. therefore, the pollution controls should be built into all forms of infrastructure. In this regard, educational programmers should assist and invite tourist to respect and understand the local way of life, culture, history and religion. The Egyptian tourism policy should think on these lines that tourists need not to cross border line to negatively influence the local civilization, traditions, values and beliefs. Disney-fication: It means the transformation of something, usually society at large. Luxor is known for its Disney-fication as city officials approved a controversial plan to excavate an ancient processional route and develop it as a key tourist attraction. Buried in soil for centuries, the 2.7 kilometer Avenue of Sphinxes once connected the temples of Luxor and Karnak in what was then ancient city of Thebes. Such crucial impacts of culture and heritage have forced the low income families to lose their homes where water and electricity was cut off past few months ago. Government policies: The development of cultural and heritage sites on the price of influencing the local population living or houses should not be the practice of the ministry tourism in Egypt. Such a project should not be planned and implemented. When there is no source of reliable compensation schemes. The director of Luxor antiques Mansour Boraik believed uncoiling the avenue of Sphinxes was their dream, since it was the longest and biggest religious route ever built in the ancient world. Therefore many houses have demolished already. Regardless of the economic positive impacts that tourism carries, such a move by the government will increase the hostility of the local population against tourists. Reconstruction and restoration of cultural sites: Every year the government of Egypt spends billions of pounds to maintain and reconstruct the ancient architecture and monuments. Such a big budget of economy is invested on these sectors whereas; there is a need to pour handsome investment in other sectors like sports, education, health and industry. Just like many touristic islands and destination, the complete reliance ondevelopment of tourism sector only can cause many disasters and the countrys economy can face a big collapse. Local population belief: Since tourist mingle up with local population from diverse background with different lifestyles, religions, languages, values, beliefs, practices etc. Therefore, it is quite likely that host population will start getting fascinated with unique practices and thus follow them. For example, Egypt is an Islamic country and the local dress code is completely different than European tourists. Local people might get influence from European tourists and start following their dress code. Security measures: Tourism industry brings the people of all beliefs and religions together into the destination. Egypt had recently become a target land for terrorism. People from their home country fly to Egypt to satisfy their thirst of viewing historical places and learn about the ancient history. But unfortunately, destination has become marked by terrorist to kill foreigners. For this reason, new measures of security are needed to be implanted to make sure that just like local people, tourist feel the same safety and security, this might need a heavy budget on security and safety equipment. Failure to achieve the best means of security can spread a very negative reputation all around, which can drastically influence the number of tourists in future. Tourism planning policies and infrastructure: The Egypt tourist authority: The tourism industry being the largest in the Egypt needs to undergo very effective destination planning. The planning should enable the policy makers to understand the linkages between tourism and each of the economic sectors so that optional planning and management strategies can be implemented for the destination. The lucrative economic benefits of tourism are of course not ignorable but at the same time the utilization of natural, man-made, cultural and heritage resources of Egypt should not be misused. In past the policy makers were ignorant about this fact. Since tourism is generating a big share of income for Egypts economy for two centuries. But now is the time to understand the world phenomenon that tourism has increasingly important socioeconomic and cultural impact. So the heritage, nature, and culture have to be protected. Egypt has experienced many red signals that reflect the concern about controlling or limiting tourism. At the end of the 1980s, Egypts government took the decision to develop tourism, when other sources of rent income were in crisis and the government was in danger of being destabilized. Since then, tourism has been a great success story in Egypt and contributes substantially to the economic development of the country. The tremendously increasing tourism revenues have significantly contributed to the stabilization of the political system. Progressive sustainable tourism program is the initiative of ministry of tourism of Egypt to put environmental protection and conservation at the top of Egypts tourism development agenda in current as well as future tourism development plans. Being an undisputed gateway to one of the worlds fastest growing tourism markets, and with 200,000 hotel rooms planed over 15 years, Egypt has realized one of the worlds largest tourism development plans. Associated with this rapid growth are the international popularity of its natural environment and the potential threat of degradation to both terrestrial and marine ecosystems. Many conferences have been organized by the Minister of Tourism, Dr.Mamdouh El-Beltaugi, about Egypts Red Sea Sustainable Tourism Initiative. Sustainable tourism which is an effective development philosophy can advance environmental conservation and promote the sustainable use of natural resources, and a catalyst for economic and local community development in Egypt. For example, over 1.2 million tourists visit the Red Sea coast annually, bringing in over $1.2 billion in foreign exchange and generating more than 275,000 jobs. The Red Sea has become one of Egypts premier tourism destinations, based in large part on its unique and fragile marine environment. In recent years, however, tourism development has come increasingly into conflict with protection and conservation of Red Sea resources. To assure that future tourism development in the southern Red Sea preserves the environmental resources that make the area so attractive to tourists, the Egyptian government proposed development of a land use management plan identifying zones for different types and levels of development and preservation. In addition, to counteract tourisms negative effects while still encouraging economic growth, the government proposed a program to protect designated marine and coastal areas through the establishment of nature reserves, and to build the capacity of national and local government agencies, as well as private tourism enterprises, to cope with the many challenges presented by a booming tourism industry. Urban tourism: Primary elements of urban tourism: Cultural Facilities: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Museums and Art Galleries à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Theaters and Cinemas à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Concert Halls à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Convention Centers and other Visitor Attractions Sport Facilities: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Indoor and Outdoor Amusement Facilities: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Night Clubs à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Casinos and Bingo Halls à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Organized Events à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Festivals Physical Characteristics: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Historical Street Pattern à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Interesting Buildings à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Ancients Monuments and Statues à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Parks and Green Areas à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Waterfronts (Harbor, Canal, River) Socio-Cultural Features: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Liveliness of the Place à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Language à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Local Customs and Costumes à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Cultural Heritage à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Friendliness à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Security Secondary elements of urban tourism: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Accommodation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Catering Facilities à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Shopping à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Markets Additional elements of urban tourism: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Accessibility à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Transportation and Parking à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Tourist Information(maps, signs, guides) Sinbad Aquapark is a beach front hotel, situated in Hurghada, Egypt. It isjust fifteen minutes from HurghadaAirport; this well-featured resort hotel includes a water park and extensive sporting facilities. Sindbad Club Aqua Park and Resort has 685 guestrooms. http://www.wayfaring.info/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/Sindbad-hotel-2.jpg Room features Air conditioning, Bathroom with shower, Minibar, Room safe, Satellite TV, Small lounge, Telephone, Television, Windows that open Writing desk. http://www.wayfaring.info/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/Sindbad-hotel-agua-park.jpg Facilities at the hotel include various bars and restaurants, large swimming pool with Jacuzzi, childrens swimming pool, aqua park with water slides and wave pool, childrens club, tennis, billiards, bowling. http://www.wayfaring.info/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/aqua-park-Sindbad-hotel.jpg Wellness centre with Jacuzzi, sauna, massage, medical centre, cosmetics studio and hairdresser and full entertainment programmed for adults and children. Emerging Issues: There are number of distinctive features tend to characterize Egypts urban tourism destinations, some of which could represent focal points of remedy. Such features include: The Great Pyramid of Khufu at Giza in Egypt Privatization: There is a great shift from Public sectors development to the privatized in Egypt to maintain and offer visitors an exciting experience. Hotels, restaurants, shopping malls, transportation etc are becoming privatized which is creating a leakage in the economy. The earnings of public sector are equally distributed into the establishment of new services and sector nationally because it is meant to be spending likely. But on the contrary, privatized firms businesses benefit the individuals and specific family for what the countries remain under developed. Convention Centers and Exhibitions: There are significant numbers of visitors to Egypt whose primary purpose of visit is not leisure-related. As convention Centers and Exhibitions are often regarded as one of the staples of urban tourism thus at the destination of Egypt, up to forty percent of those staying overnight have come for this type of business tourism. Convention Centers and Exhibitions are perceived to be strong growth sectors in which the visitor spends an above average amount and which operate for most of the years in the Egypt. Employment, publicity, image improvement, and urban regeneration are benefits that generally justify the big financial investment for those centers. Besides these advantages, it is important to remember that the conference business cannot be separated from the rest of the tourism industry particularly because most participants are also seeking urban amenities in an exciting environment. Infrastructure: Substantial existing attractions and infrastructure generally developed for non-tourism purposes in Egypt. This has made the city life very congested and of course polluted. The Egyptian Tourism Authority needs to realize the importance of green tourism to be environmental friendly. Hotels have been established like the woods in a forest which also lead to noise pollution and air pollution. Attractions: A large number, variety and scale of primary and secondary attractions have been developed which is most of the time tourists have occupied, this lead to a jealousy and frustration in host population towards tourists. The more the disputes will take place the negative impacts will emerge which mainly will ruin the publicity of the destination. Example SINDBAD HOTEL. Development: Local residents are significant, often majority, users of attractions and infrastructure. These attractions utilize money, man power, land and other resources which can be used to undergo projects like Golf, school hospital bank orleisure Centre etc. In short, the approach of the government to spend on urban tourism can turn out to be a threat in future. Distribution of the resources: Tourism is just one of many economic activities in the city, with implications for the awareness and perceived importance of tourism issues by business, government and residents. The competition for resources within cities like Luxor, Alexanderia, and Cairo also has implications for the provision of visitor services, and the cost and availability of land and labor. Strategic planning of the destination: The involvement of a multiplicity of public and commercial organizations with varying levels of interest in tourism, which has implications for the complexity of planning and policy-making processes, day-to-day operational management, and the coherence of marketing activity. At the same time, many things have not changed. The Egyptians remain a very hospitable people who truly seem to love sharing their glorious past with visitors. They are a warm people who, meeting a foreign visitor for the first time, still have a habit of inviting them home to dinner, which is usually made into a feast of sorts. So as we head into the middle of the first decade of the 21st Century, we find an Egypt that is more than ever ready to accept modern western tourists, perhaps as never before. New and sometimes very luxurious hotels are springing up everywhere to accommodate them, and younger, savvier tour operators are planning wonderful and exciting ways to entertain and engage tourists. Egypt is a land of enchantment and mystery, and now is the best time ever to experience the Mother of the World Mass tourism VS Sustainable tourism:http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTQpcTdij9YrlMdAj3PoyDm7LgA0EFTXAA6JA55EuW4wgTamGtxt=1 The term mass tourism is problematic to define with any precision and they claim that the term refers to the production, structure and organization of tourism akin to an industrial process whereby economies of scale are sought to meet market needs. Poon (1993) defines mass tourism as a large-scale phenomenon, packaging and selling standardized leisure services at fixed prices to a mass clientele. Further to this Fayos-Solà   (1996) went as far to suggest that the operational model of mass tourism no longer suffices to achieve competitiveness in tourism enterprises and regions and he proposed that a new paradigm, the New Age of Tourism (NAT), is gathering strength owing to its ability to face to prevailing circumstances. There are probably a hundred reasons why people visit Egypt. These days, perhaps the bulk of tourists actually come from various European countries for an inexpensive beach vacation, quite often in large groups by chartered airlines. For them, it is simply the least expensive means of taking a warm, beach vacation in a nice resort along the Red Sea coast of Egypt or in the Sinai. Many of these vacations are arranged by large European operations that use mass tourism to arrange considerable hotel space at very inexpensive rates. More lucrative to the Egyptians, and certainly a major source of tourism to Egypt, are the classical tourists, who come to Egypt specifically to visit the ancient monuments. Beach goers may also arrange classical tours as extensions of their holidays, but normal classical tourists will usually follow a much defined route, from Cairo along the Nile Valley down to Aswan, though they may also opt for various extensions, including a brief visit to one of the beaches. Sustainable tourism in Egypt: Egypt national tourist strategic planhttp://www.mga-ai.it/images/480/Egypt2_480.jpg After the disastrous effects of Mass Tourism Egypt is looking into the possibilities for diversifying its tourism opportunities throughout the country. The main target for expanding the tourism sector is nature-based tourism. The coral reefs and rich marine life in South Sinai and the Red Sea coast have made these two areas among the premier scuba diving destinations in the world. Many beach resorts are now in operation and there are still hundreds to be constructed. However, previous tourism development in Egypt has resulted in a series of negative environmental impacts. The ambitious development plans to receive 16 million tourists by 2017 should take into consideration sustainability concepts. The government and developers have significant roles to play in adopting and implementing environmentally sound policies and practices to avoid the degradation of the natural heritage of Egypt for the sake of the current as well as future generations. Egypt in 21st Century plan is prepared by the cabinet of the Egyptian Government in 1997,and it lays out the long-term national development plan in the beginning century. Tourismwas positioned as one of major leading industries in the strategy.Following are the tourism development strategies in the 21th century: To increase the number of visitor arrivals to 27 million by the year 2017 To extend length of stay from 7 days in 1997 to 9 days by the year 2017, and to increase total bed nightsfrom 26 million in 1997 to 230 million by 2017 To raise the accommodation capacity to 618 thousand rooms by the year 2017 To focus on tourism development projects in South Egypt To formulate integrated development programs for new tourist areas To establish new tourist camp sites for safaris in the middle of Sinai and in Wadi El Gemal of Red Sea To preserve the ancient Egyptian civilization To supply new sites for tourism development with all the required facilities like in the Red Sea, Sinai, theNew Valley, Luxor and Aswan. The impact of tourism on the Egyptian society is significant. Direct economic benefits of tourisminclude generation of employment, increase of foreign exchange earnings, incomegeneration and contribution to government revenues These benefits are the main source of income to strengthen the other sectors of Egypt greatly. Tourism also provides indirectimpacts on the economic sectors, such as agriculture, fisheries, handicraft manufacturingand construction, which supply the goods and services for tourism sector. Furthermore, the improvement of transportation and other infrastructure facilities andservices encourage the economic and culture development of the community in theregional area. Conclusion: The Egyptian national tourism sector marketing strategy emphasizes on quality, and aimsto foster and encourage high-quality tourism services at competitive prices. Since 1982,Egypt has developed a new strategy aiming to increase the number of tourists visitingEgypt. The plan was, and still is, to boost tourism demand by attracting visitors beyondthe main tourism incoming markets, namely visitors from the European Community, USA, Canada and the Arab countries and target new potential markets. Thepredominant new markets Egypt must aim to attract are: Scandinavia, Southeast Asia, EasternEurope, and Southern and Latin America. Up till now the Egyptian tourism sector has notachieved the desired travel movement from Southeast Asia, Japan, Australia and Malaysia. Egypt Scandinavia and Eastern Europe countries such as Poland, Czech Republic, Romania and Russia, they only yielded a total of 600 000 tourists compared to 3 274 377 tourists from both western and southern Europe (Papadopoulos, 2003). The main customers are the Germans followed by Italians, Russians, English, French and Saudi Arabians. Egypt mustpromoted through advertising campaigns in the mass media, participation and attendance in various exhibitions and the continuous renewal of advertising material. Egyptian organizations need to participate in all major international events, while tourist planners have developed for the demanding tourist, cultural and athletic activities reinforcing Egypt as a tourist destination and attracting people interested in these events. There is also a great need to protect Egypts unique desert and its environment and heritage resources. Sustainable development and preservation ofEgypts natural resources should be the pillars of the Egyptian tourism plans. The primary concern is to protect the environment by limiting tourism projects in natural reserves. Generally, tourism properties, hard buildings, are only allowed in 12.5% of the land. In recognition of the countrys potential for tourism, high standards of tourism services quality are strictly enforced and green marketing orientation need to be adopted within all tourism marketing activities. The budget allocated to promote Egypt as a macro-tourist destination abroad is about $50 million a year. Almost 90% of the promotion budget is spent on promotion campaigns through direct media such as the press, TV, billboards, movie and public transport advertisements. The remaining 10% goes to the international network of tourist offices. The Egyptian Tourism Authority (ETA) must focus its promotion activities on the European tourist market, which is considered the main market segment, as it provides about 65% of the inbound tourists coming to Egypt. ETA promotion policies should also take into consideration the changes that took place in Europe, as there are ten countries that have recently joined the European Union and they are mainly from the Eastern bloc. The ETAhas to look closely at these new potential tourist markets. The Arab tourist market constitutes the second major region sending tourists to Egypt, about 16% of the total number of travelers, and there is a need to design a new strategy that offers the Arab tourist markets requirements. Egypt has to highlight its focus of marketing campaign to attract not only culturaltourists, but also to highlight the Red Sea Resorts, with their beaches, diving activitiesand the environmental tourism facilities, taking the sustainability requirements intoconsideration (El-Khadem, 2004; Ministry of Tourism, 2004).

Changes to Religious Conversion

Changes to Religious Conversion How have the ideas of conversion changed over time? Remember to write what conversion is n (this is for me) Conversion has been affected overtime due to many avenues that I will be discussing through this essay. ‘The Conversion of Europe’ is concerned about the conversion of the mass which differs from modern conversions such a Samson Staniforth. I will be illustrating how conversion has changed overtime due to factors such as culture, technology and time which has also changed the meaning of conversion. The conversion of Europe started in the sixth century, ‘A religion which had grown up in the Mediterranian world of the Roman Empire was diffused among the outsiders whom the Romans referred to as the Barbarians’ (this is a quote but I want it to be a sentence imbedded and leave it red please). The conversion of Barbarian Europe had sufficed a much wider change, a change larger than just a change of belief but cultural change, declaring Christianity was just the beginning. The conversion followed with the Roman and Mediterranean way of life, adopting their value, habits and customs. Fletcher illustrated that during the 5th century, Christianity was seen as more than a religion, and it was seen as a way of life hence impacted all aspects such as authority, law, government, economy, as well as social aspects such as art, food and agriculture. The ideas of conversion had been implemented in all parts of living and had also been what governs law unlike religion today which i s perceived as a social personal matter. The Gregorian mission is an example of the conversion process which took part in Kent and other part of eastern England by Pope Gregory I since 601 mentioned by Fletcher. Paulinus, a member of the Gregorian mission who had been sent around by Pope Gregory I to convert people in Northumbria. This was a success as ‘’the royal family had been converted and an archbishopric found at Canter-bury’’, this was illustrates the impact of the Gregorian mission had through preaching Christianity. Modern day conversion narrative such as George Whitfield focuses on a spiritual impact which hones one from evil to a place of grace. Furthermore; Whitfield largely focused on his bad deeds; ‘’I took pleasure in lewd conversion’’ is an example of Whitefield’s sinful past, many who have come across Whitefield’s narrative have assumed that his sins were enhanced to make his conversion seem more dr amatic. There’s a couple of factors which Augustine and the early church conversion. Augustine’s conversion had influenced many modern conversion narratives as he had been a unique experience which had been written in a chronological sense. Pg 17. Hindmash suggested ‘’Augustine’s narrative n the confessions is indebted to the Neoplatonic pattern of the ascent of the soul’’. Augustine’s quest was to achieve union with the God from whom all beauty, truth, and goodness derives, and his crisis of conversion was the crisis of philosopher who could see the nature of the good life in ascetic self-denial and contemplation, but who had not the moral power to achieve it (please can you reword the bit in red its from a book and keep it red please). Augustine’s conversion took place in the early years if 397-8CE, his conversion states his transition from his sinful youth to becoming more virtuous. Quote; ‘I heard a voice from the nearby house chantingrepeating over and over ag ain â€Å"Pick up and read, pick up and read.†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢, this suggests that Augustine picked up the Bible die to the children chanting and started reading. However, many sceptics may disagree perhaps view this as unrealistic, several people would have investigated out of the window hence why it may be perceived as being exaggerated. Furthermore; many would not assume a child to be one of authority figure hence why the authenticity of Augustine’s conversion is questioned. Conversion in the countryside The ideas of conversion had changed overtime for due to many factors, one of which had been where the conversion of Christianity was taking place. The Bishop’s method of conversion in the Countryside was to target landed elites, who held great influence locally pg 40 ‘’to take firm and if necessary coercive action to make peasantry Christian’’, Fletcher is perhaps indicating that the ideas of conversion had been attain in an oppressive state rather than a choice; this had taken pace in places such as Constantinople, Italy, Africa and many more. Furthermore; it is evident that the ideas of conversion were not only changed overtime but they were different within communities of the same time. The countryside is an example of hierarchical control, although not all bishops had carried out the same approach; Martin, the bishop of Tours is one who had taken matters in his own hands and ‘’choos[e] to take direct and personal actions’†™. Paganism had started to become less common overtime which changed people’s idea of God and created a more spiritual way of converting, this can be seen in the Baptism of Edwin from Bed’s narrative; according to this Edwin felt as though – evidence (the conversion of Europe)- this was seen by Edwin who said which was seen in Bede’s narrative: ‘’be-fore he set out on campaign he promised that if God grant him victory he would renounce the worship of idols and serve Christ’’; due to the success of his campaign he sent his daughter to be baptized. Baptism is a symbol of being reborn as a Christian, it is an important ceremony which conveys a lot of spirituality. Paganism is a reason why Our understanding and interpretation of conversion had changed overtime due to culture and society –evidence Physiological advancement – the meaning of conversion changed overtime there were more imitations of Augustine’s conversion which demonstrated that what it meant to be Christian during the medieval roman times to what it was in the later centuries have changed Sampson Staniforth Evangelical Conversion – Staniforth similarly to Augustine began by describing the pain that sufficed for him before his conversion which was illustrated: ‘but to continue crying and wresting with God, till He had no mercy on me. How long I was in that agony I cannot tell’. Evidently from this, we can perhaps assume from the description that life before conversion had been agonising, this is specifically demonstrated when he mentions; ‘but to continue crying and wresting with God’. Staniforth’s goes on to explain the significance of the conversion to his life as it was a defining moment. The prolonged wait for a sign from God. Hindmash mentions how conversions such as Stantiforth’s have 5 concepts which the story is focussed on: ‘autobiography, narrative, identity, conversion and gospel’. It is evident that modern te ‘p Sixteenth and seventeenth century The ideas of conversion have changed overtime which has been demonstrated through the narrative. Hindmash goes on further to speak about the Catholic’s understanding of conversion according to Puritans Thomas Goodwin and Philip Nye. They believed; ‘’England was ‘half reformed’ and they wanted to see a purer church’’pg 33. An example of the rise of conversion narrative which changed the ideas of conversion overtime is ‘spiritual brotherhood’; ‘’ preached the word of God in the same spirit and felt themselves to be members of a brotherhood’’, they ‘’ became a centre of reforming activity, teaching, and training that eventually sent many of them throughout the rest of England and even to the Netherlands and to the New World’’ (can you please rephrase this so it is not a quote and leave it red please). The puritans were described by Richard Baxter as: ‘’affection ate practical English writers’’; this illustrates the power of narrative and frame it was written in; they ‘’fostered spiritual autobiography in part by their stress upon religious experience’’.

Biography of Erik Estrada :: History

Biography of Erik Estrada (Frank Poncherello) Erik was born on March 16, 1949 as Henry Enrique Estrada in NY City. Back around 1968, he was in a dance troupe and earned $38 a week with free lunches and all the acting lessons he could take. In return, he had to perform daily in downtown Los Angeles. He had a 10-day hospital stay in August 1979 caused by on-set accident when he was thrown from his motorcycle and the 900-pound bike landed on him. At 5'10'', 160 pounds, he was an inch shorter and 15 pounds lighter than Wilcox. But his physical fitness routine helped him rebound from his injury: 240 situps and 120 push ups on a daily basis. He is going through custody disputes about his two boys and he has "a steady girl". Erik was voted as one of "The 10 Sexiest Bachelors in the World" in People Magazine on November 19, 1979. The cover features Erik towering above the other men (Willie Ames included) at the top of the page, cutting into the People sign, with nothing but a big smile and a towel lying across his shoulder. The magazine says, For all his raw physical appearance, Estrada regards himself as "gentle, kind and considerate." He buys his dates jewelry and treats them to champagne and sushi evenings. But Estrada has grown cunning. "In the past, women I've dated always decided to be actresses. I was just a means to an end for them." So what does he really look for in a woman? The actor flashes a huge smile. "T&A" Erik lives out in the San Fernando Valley. He's up in the hills behind the Burbank airport and south of Universal Studios. His house is way at the top of this hill and it's easy to spot. He did an interview on the Mexican Channel from some show called CONTROL and it shows you where Erik lives and the inside of his house. He has two "CHiPs" motorcycles (sans the engines) sitting in the middle of the house and old magazines with his picture on the cover (TV Guide, People) plastered all over the walls. He has really unusual wall paper (stripes & polka dots) and a bunch of trinkets sitting around. He has all sorts of little gumball machines and slot machines sprinkled throughout his residence. The house wasn't too big, seemed like your average 4-5 bedroom track home actually.

Democracy: Justices, Injustices, and Socratic Arguments to Improve Cur

In the Republic, Plato seeks to define justice and, through definition, show that justice is intrinsically worthwhile. In doing so, Plato sets out to explain the principal concept of political justice, and from this obtain a parallel model of individual justice. Essentially, justice is defined as a result of accurate logic or reasoning. However, it is quite important to note that the democratic regime discussed in the Republic is not the same as the known democratic regime of today. The democratic establishment discussed in the Republic is a direct democracy, which, even at that time, proved to be a failure. However, the overall idea of justice and injustice found in direct democracy oftentimes proves analogous to that of the current representative democracy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Throughout the Republic Plato seeks a definition of justice, and, in Book VIII, what justice might be found in the different regimes presented, including the democratic regime. Justice, as found in democracy, has its roots in equality and variety. Indeed, Socrates confirms that â€Å"it looks as though this is the finest or most beautiful of the constitutions, for . . . this city, embroidered with every kind of character type, would seem to be the most beautiful.† Variety is important to some, equality to most, and it is in the democracy where these two elements are highly valued. Here, justice is seen through the concept of equality, a vital concept of the true Form of Justice to many. Indeed, equality is a core aspect of democracy in the Republic, from which Plato identifies that it is the democratic regime that gives way to equality in the purest form available. This democratic regime containing the pure equality is admired by Plato, for it is â€Å"a pleasant constitution . . . which distributes a sort of equality to both equals and unequals alike.† Another aspect of the Form of Justice which is extremely important to many, and is also found in the democratic regime, is freedom. Plato, in fact, seems to admire the concept of freedom, although not placing it above the quest of seeking the Form of the Good, as Socrates observes that in â€Å"this city there is no requirement to rule . . . or again to be ruled if you don’t want to be, or be at war . . . or at peace unless you want it . . . Isn’t this a divine and pleasant life, while it lasts?† Freedom is basically found only, or at le... ...hildren at a young age, and reinforce it throughout their life. Yet another argument Plato might present toward improvement might be the value to which we hold personal freedom. Truly, is personal freedom outside sacrifice? Plato might argue that, indeed, too much emphasis is currently placed on personal freedom rather than discussing the benefits, such as harmony and order, in conceding some freedom. Plato would also argue that society currently holds tightly to the concept and value of personal freedom because the regime is disordered, and therefore those living in such a society are unhealthy. Ultimately, Plato might argue that to improve the current democratic regime would be to reach towards, and possibly achieve, the ideal state; however, realistically to improve the current democracy would be to keep the constitution of democracy intact. That is, some adjustments of education, specialization, and morality are necessary, in the Socratic argument, to achieve improvements in the current democratic regime, but not so much that it is moved out of the status of a democracy. Bibliography Plato. Republic. Translated by G.M.A. Grube. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, 1992.

Hamlet views Essay

The essential component to any Elizabethan tragedy is a protagonist with a fatal flaw. In Elizabethan tragedy this is called hamartia. This Latin term translates directly into the word â€Å"flaw† but is usually used to describe an excess of a personality trait – virtue or vice. The protagonist’s fatal flaw pushes the the plot and action of the tragedy forward. It is this tragic flaw, which leads to the eventual downfall of the character, his circumstances, and the denouement of the drama. In examining the bulk of the literature’s protagonists, no other character embodies the essential role of the flawed protagonist like Hamlet. Hamlet’s fatal flaw is his idealism. Only once Hamlet overcomes his idealism is he able to seek his revenge. The climax of the play occurs with Hamlet’s realization that the world is not as it seems and that he must shrug off his idealistic values and avenge his father’s murder Act 3, scene 4. It is within Act 4, that Hamlet carries out his revenge. The issues of love, hate, jealous, incest, power struggle, revenge, and most importantly maturation of the protagonist. These themes are all present in Hamlet, and were theater elements there were not just enjoyed by Elizabethan audiences but also expected. In Shakespeare’s Hamlet, act 4 scene 4, are pivotal within the play. The scene centers around Hamlet’s speech (lines x-x). Hamlet is left alone on stage and reviews the events that occurred to this point in the play and what he must now do. Hamlet begins â€Å"How all occasions do inform against me, / And spur my dull revenge! † He clearly knows that he must, now, take his revenge. He asks himself, and the audience, â€Å"What is a man† and continues that a man should be â€Å"a beast, no more† and exhibit â€Å"god-like reason†. Hamlet holds on to his idealism much of the play but in the end, being born and raised as an Elizabethan, he knows he must not be â€Å" one part wisdom / And ever three parts coward. â€Å" It is honor that is most important to him. He continues â€Å"When honour’s at the stake. How stand I then, / That have a father kill’d, a mother stain’d, / Excitements of my reason and my blood, / And let all sleep? † Hamlet understands that to be a man he must seek carry out his revenge and he does. Act 3 centers around Hamlet speaking like a jealous lover chastising his girlfriend for sleeping with a different man and making their bed â€Å"enseamed†. The Queen is extremely upset and actually asks Hamlet to help her figure out what to do. At this point when Hamlet should have told her to confess, he urges her to stop her relationship with Claudius, â€Å"Not this, by no means, that I bid you do: Let the bloat king tempt you again to bed† (Act III, sc iv). It is in the moment that Hamlet allows his emotion to dominate over his intellect that Claudius was killed. He is consumed by the thoughts of his father’s demise and is haunted by the knowledge that his father’s soul will not be able to rest until his death is avenged. Hamlet willfully concludes, â€Å"My thoughts be bloody or be nothing worth† (Act IV sc iv). It is then that Hamlet finally had the ability to suppress his idealistic nature, and do what is right. The murder is not a well planned scheme and occurs in the heat of the moment. Hamlet, after the murder of Claudius never once wavers in his decision. He has done what is right and believes that â€Å"There is a special providence in the fall of a sparrow† (Act V sc ii). Hamlet is able to do anything but take vengeance upon the man who did away with his father and has taken his father’s place with his mother. The pain which should have caused him to take immediate revenge was replaced by pity for himself. It is Hamlet’s idealistic nature that creates the ultimate theme and driving force behind all the rising action, falling action, and resolution of this tragedy as well as the death of his mother. The way in which Hamlet views his mother, father, and Claudius is finally revealed in Act IV. Once Hamlet is able to be honest about his feelings, he is able to finally seek revenge for his father’s murder. This scene is pivotal to denouement of the play and essential to Hamlet’s transformation from a boy to man who embodies the important qualities which were cherished and expect by an Elizabethan audiences. In Shakespearean tragedies, the protagonist must die and on the way to his death many people die with him. It is the ultimate act of revenge which appeals to the Elizabethan audience and has made Hamlet a timeless classic.

Critique of Thomas Hobbes’s Leviathan

Wright State University Modern Political Philosophy Essay 1 Critique of Thomas Hobbes’s â€Å"Leviathan† Wes Miller PHL 432 Donovan Miyasaki 10/9/2012 Thomas Hobbes was an English philosopher best known for his 1651 text â€Å"Leviathan†. In â€Å"Leviathan† Hobbes suggests that human nature is one of competition, diffidence, and glory. I will argue against this assertion, claiming that human nature is not one of war and mistrust, but one of cooperation and collaboration. I will conclude by stating that man works together to achieve the common goal of survival, happiness, and advancement of the human race.Hobbes begins his explanation of the state of nature in chapter 13 of â€Å"Leviathan† by stating that all men are equal in nature. Although one man may be stronger or more intelligent than another, humans are relatively equal in every way because of their ability to manipulate and form alliances: â€Å"For as to the strength of body, the weakest has strength enough to kill the strongest, either by secret machination, or by confederacy with others, that are in the same danger as himself. †1 Because men are all equal, Hobbes believed that they desire the same things. If two men share the same desire, they become enemies.If all men are equal, there is no way for one man to be master of all other men. If a single man were to attempt to gain power over all other men, he would be overthrown by those he was trying to have power over. Considering that all are naturally equal, and all naturally desire the same things, the nature of man, according to Hobbes, is war: â€Å"So that in the nature of man, we find three principal causes of quarrel. First, competition; secondly, diffidence; thirdly, glory† (293). In this constant state of war there is no desire for any technological advancements or culture because there would be no use for either.Many other aspects of life are thrown aside as well: â€Å"no navigation, nor us e of the commodities that may be imported by sea; no commodious building; no instruments of moving, and removing such things as require much force; no knowledge of the face of the earth; no account of time; no arts; no letters; no society; and which is worst of all, continual fear, and danger of violent death; and the life of man, solitarily, poor, nasty, brutish, and short† (293). Hobbes claims that in this state of nature, there is no place for any type of justice or understanding of right and wrong.Because there is no society, there is no agreement on any type of guidelines between men. Because there are no guidelines, there is no way to be unjust. Therefore, every action in the state of nature is just. For example, it is perfectly just to steal from someone if they hold something that you desire (such as food, shelter, etc. ) Hobbes goes on to explain that the only reasons that humans would be in a state of peace would be the fear of death and the desire for commodious liv ing. Hobbes gives a very pessimistic view of human nature.If his claims that the human nature is one of competition, diffidence, and glory were correct, the world that we live in today would be impossible to achieve. If every man was constantly at war with every other man as Hobbes claims, there would be absolutely no room for any technological advancement. He says this himself: â€Å"In such condition, there is no place for industry; because the fruit thereof is uncertain† (293). If what Hobbes claims is true, the human race would not even exist. Mankind would have destroyed itself before it was able to create any kind of society.Simply by looking back at how the world evolved to be the way it is today, anyone can see that the human race as a whole has been extremely successful. Humans worked together, formed alliances, and constantly took steps to achieve a more balanced society. Although many of these attempts have been unsuccessful, they were still attempts nonetheless. T he fact that the advancement of society was even attempted proves that humans had to have worked together. I agree with Hobbes’s view that no man can be master of all men, but I do, however, believe that some men can be masters of some men.For example, the monarchial systems of England and China were successful for thousands of years. Humans have a pack mentality, much like wolves. Some are leaders, and others are followers, this has been true since the dawn of man. There have always been chieftains, kings, and presidents leading a group of other humans. Because of this system, all men are not entirely equal. Some men have power over other men. The situations in which men can be at peace with each other is exactly what Hobbes said, fear of death, but is it not true that all men fear death?If man did not fear death, the human race would die out. There has to be a fear of death in order to survive. So, if there must be a fear of death to survive, and all men have a natural fear death, would this not mean that man’s nature is one of peace? One might argue that the societies in place today are constantly at war with each other, that societies are groups of people acting as an individual, proving that Hobbes’s idea of a human nature in which we are constantly at war is correct. I would reply, however, with another question.Isn’t society a result of a mass amount of collaboration between human beings? Because the societies at war are made up of a large group of people acting as an individual, one can come to the conclusion that before societies were created, there was only cooperation. If human nature is one of constant conflict and mistrust, societies could not have been created in the first place. So, if before society existed there was only cooperation, one could say that society itself is the cause of all conflict, the opposite of Hobbes’s suggestion.I have argued that Hobbes’s idea of the human nature being one of const ant conflict and mistrust is false. Humans have always trusted each other and worked together to advance the species as a whole. If there wasn’t cooperation before society, society would have never existed at all. Hobbes states that human nature does not allow industrial advancement, but industrial advancement has obviously been achieved. He claims that man can only be at peace when he fears death, yet men naturally fear death, therefore man’s nature is one of peace.The fact that Societies are constantly at war does not prove Hobbes’s theory correct, it does the opposite. Societies are a result of humans working together, therefore human nature is one of cooperation. It is difficult to know how humans would act in a complete state of nature, but merely the fact that man exists today is proof that our nature is not one of war. 1. Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, in Political Philosophy: The Essential Texts, ed. Steven M. Cahn (New York: Oxford, 2011), 293

Cold War and US Diplomacy Essay

The John F. Kennedy presidency encountered various situations in Latin America, Southeast Asia and Europe, as well as, other regions that required astute diplomatic efforts and initiatives amid increasing Cold War tensions. Kennedy had been passionate about the issues of war and peace since when he was young. In fact, Kennedy’s plan of flexible response managed by Robert McNamara was intended to minimize the occurrence of war caused by miscalculated diplomatic and military initiatives. The U. S. ’s successful handling of the Cuban Missile Crisis epitomizes the foreign policy approach that John F.  Kennedy’s administration took. The Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 was a conflict with the Soviet Union and Cuba on one side and the U. S on the other. The Cuban Missile Crisis is regarded as the closest the Cold War came to turning into a nuclear war (Byrne, 2006, p. 7). It is also one of the documented moments of the threat of mutual assured destruction (MAD). After getting proof of Soviet missile bases building in Cuba, the U. S thought about the idea of attacking Cuba through air and sea, but later arrived at a military quarantine of Cuba. U. S troops were at their highest state of readiness ever while Soviet field commanders based in Cuba were ready to use battlefield nuclear weapons to defend Cuba if it was attacked. Fortunately, courtesy of courage of two men, President John F. Kennedy and Prime Minister Nikita Khrushchev, eminent nuclear war was averted. After capturing proof that Cuban missile bases were under construction, Kennedy secretly held a meeting with the Executive Committee of the National Security Council (EXCOMM). He put on hold the military solution of the crisis, vigorously championed by the Joint Chiefs of Staffs, and instead decided to quarantine Cuba (Viotti, 1996, p. 104). On October 22, 1962 Kennedy informed the public about the crisis, declaring the quarantine and demanding removal of the Soviet Union. Kennedy’s inclination to a peaceful settlement of international disputes was best exemplified when a Soviet missile brought down a U-2 reconnaissance plane over Cuba, murdering the pilot Rudolf Anderson. On October 27, in a letter to Nikita Khrushchev, Kennedy gave a non-invasion promise for removal of Soviet missiles from Cuba. Luckily, on October 28th, 1962 Kennedy and Khrushchev signed a deal. The Soviet Union accepted to remove their missiles from Cuba in exchange for the U. S non-invasion promise and disarmament of PGM-19 Jupiter missiles in Turkey. By the time the deal was struck, all Jupiter missiles were considered to be out of use and had actually been replaced by missile-equipped U. S Navy Polaris subs; they were however, removed in 1963. Diplomatic efforts spearheaded by President John F. Kennedy in conjunction with Premier Nikita Khrushchev during the Cold War helped the U. S to avoid going to war with the communist Soviet Union. The Cuban Missile Crisis was a dangerous global security situation equated to crisis such as the Berlin Blockade, the Yom Kippur War and the Suez Canal as one of the major conflicts of the Cold War. Avoiding the eminent nuclear war was a great feat for the U. S in her efforts to spearhead maintenance of international peace and security. Furthermore, it saved the international community from being doomed to a devastating worldwide thermonuclear war even before the deep wounds of World War I and II dried up. After the Cuban Missile Crisis, the U. S and the Soviet Union political leaders recognized a mutual interest in deliberate and strategic arms limitations in order to avoid accidental or unintentional nuclear war and to prevent the spread of the deadly nuclear weapons (Cimbala, 2002, p. 8). During the 1960s, the vital Nuclear Test Ban Treaty of 1963 and Direct Communications Link (Hot Lines) for urgent situation discussions between the U.  S and Russia heads of states were concluded. Deliberations between Washington D. C and Moscow over strategic arms limitation started during the Johnson administration continued during Nixon presidency and ended in the SALT I (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks) covenant in 1972. The Cuban Missile Crisis indirectly reaffirmed the importance of peaceful settlement of disputes not only between the U. S and their rivals like the Soviet Union, but also between other countries in other parts of the world. This trend was particularly crucial to the entire international community, which was still struggling to overcome effects of World War II. Diplomatic efforts used by Kennedy’s administration helped to save the world’s weak nations from being hurt by the likely thermonuclear war that would have erupted between the U. S and Soviet Union. In addition, it left both military and political global balance of power unaltered. In conclusion, for the U. S public, President John F. Kennedy showed commendable leadership talents, decision-making abilities, and conflict management kills. In fact, by November 1962, Kennedy’s management of the Cuban Missile Crisis was seen by most ordinary Americans as a major diplomatic victory for his administration and the nation at large (Viotti, 2005, p. 53). To a certain extent, the triumph of the diplomatic efforts adopted by Kennedy administration boosted public confidence in his regime particularly with regard to foreign relations initiatives at a time when Soviet Union communism was increasingly gaining ground and the nuclear weapons race getting out of hand.